![]() 2.Story grammar and the development of the narrative macrostructure.The results are discussed within the theoretical model of multidimensional text organization. The findings show some evidence for the universality of macrostructure and provide insight into macrostructural knowledge at the episode level. Russia: Despite over 90 of Russians studying English at school, barely 10 can speak it as adults. If you're planning on heading to any of these places, we'd advise you to learn. Fine-grained analysis revealed that a well-formed episode might include an Attempt-Outcome sequence combined with Internal States (and not only Goal-Attempt-Outcome) and that children are sensitive to events depicted in each episode. Top 10 Most Monolingual Countries In The World. Here are 10 surprisingly (non-English) monolingual countries. Monolinguals (age range 50–59 months) outperformed younger bilinguals (age range 48–59 months) in SS and SC but performed similarly to older bilinguals (age range 66–83 months). Age-matched bilinguals showed similarity in SS (except for children speaking L2 German or Hebrew) and SC. The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) was used to elicit narratives in L1/Russian from 162 L2 Finnish, German, Hebrew, Norwegian, or Swedish bilinguals (4- and 6-year-olds) and 21 monolingual Russian children (4-year-olds). The present study examines narrative macrostructure, measured as Story Structure (SS) and Story Complexity (SC), in bilinguals speaking Russian as their home/heritage language (L1) and exposed to different societal languages (L2), while focusing on the effects of different L2s, bilingualism, and episodic structure and compares it to monolingual Russian.
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